NUIST-OOP-LAB05

实验5-多态

实验目的

  • 知道什么是类模板，会正确定义和实例化
  • 理解运算符重载机制，会编写运算符函数，理解编译器如何将表达式转换为对运算符函数的调用
  • 知道什么是抽象类，会正确定义和使用
  • 基于问题场景，能合理使用继承、虚函数、抽象类实现接口继承与运行时多态

实验准备

系统浏览/复习以下教材章节：

  • 继承：解决的问题场景、定义和用法（第7章）
  • 多态：概念、分类、典型应用场景和用法（第8章）
  • 类模板（9.1.2节）

实验结论

实验1

验证性实验。综合应用组合、继承、多态实现出版物的分类管理。运行、理解代码，回答问题。

  • 问题场景描述
    模拟出版物的分类管理。抽象设计后，继承关系如下：
    image
  • 代码组织
    • publisher.hpp类 Publisher 及其派生类 Book ， Film , Music 声明
    • publisher.cpp类 Publisher 及其派生类 Book ， Film , Music 实现
    • task1.cpp测试模块 + main
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include "publisher.hpp"

// Publisher类：实现
Publisher::Publisher(const std::string &name_): name {name_} {
}


// Book类: 实现
Book::Book(const std::string &name_ , const std::string &author_ ): Publisher{name_}, author{author_} {
}

void Book::publish() const {
    std::cout << "Publishing book《" << name << "》 by " << author << '\n';
}

void Book::use() const {
    std::cout << "Reading book 《" << name << "》 by " << author << '\n';
}


// Film类：实现
Film::Film(const std::string &name_, const std::string &director_):Publisher{name_},director{director_} {
}

void Film::publish() const {
    std::cout << "Publishing film <" << name << "> directed by " << director << '\n';
}

void Film::use() const {
    std::cout << "Watching film <" << name << "> directed by " << director << '\n';
}


// Music类：实现
Music::Music(const std::string &name_, const std::string &artist_): Publisher{name_}, artist{artist_} {
}

void Music::publish() const {
    std::cout << "Publishing music <" << name << "> by " << artist << '\n';
}

void Music::use() const {
    std::cout << "Listening to music <" << name << "> by " << artist << '\n';
}

#pragma once

#include <string>

// 发行/出版物类：Publisher （抽象类）
class Publisher {
public:
    Publisher(const std::string &name_ = "");            // 构造函数
    virtual ~Publisher() = default;

public:
    virtual void publish() const = 0;                 // 纯虚函数，作为接口继承
    virtual void use() const = 0;                     // 纯虚函数，作为接口继承

protected:
    std::string name;    // 发行/出版物名称
};

// 图书类: Book
class Book: public Publisher {
public:
    Book(const std::string &name_ = "", const std::string &author_ = "");  // 构造函数

public:
    void publish() const override;        // 接口
    void use() const override;            // 接口

private:
    std::string author;          // 作者
};

// 电影类: Film
class Film: public Publisher {
public:
    Film(const std::string &name_ = "", const std::string &director_ = "");   // 构造函数

public:
    void publish() const override;    // 接口
    void use() const override;        // 接口            

private:
    std::string director;        // 导演
};


// 音乐类：Music
class Music: public Publisher {
public:
    Music(const std::string &name_ = "", const std::string &artist_ = "");

public:
    void publish() const override;        // 接口
    void use() const override;            // 接口

private:
    std::string artist;      // 音乐艺术家名称
};

#include <memory>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include "publisher.hpp"

void test1() {
   std::vector<Publisher *> v;

   v.push_back(new Book("Harry Potter", "J.K. Rowling"));
   v.push_back(new Film("The Godfather", "Francis Ford Coppola"));
   v.push_back(new Music("Blowing in the wind", "Bob Dylan"));

   for(Publisher *ptr: v) {
        ptr->publish();
        ptr->use();
        std::cout << '\n';
        delete ptr;
   }
}

void test2() {
    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Publisher>> v;

    v.push_back(std::make_unique<Book>("Harry Potter", "J.K. Rowling"));
    v.push_back(std::make_unique<Film>("The Godfather", "Francis Ford Coppola"));
    v.push_back(std::make_unique<Music>("Blowing in the wind", "Bob Dylan"));

    for(const auto &ptr: v) {
        ptr->publish();
        ptr->use();
        std::cout << '\n';
    }
}

void test3() {
    Book book("A Philosophy of Software Design", "John Ousterhout");
    book.publish();
    book.use();
}

int main() {
    std::cout << "运行时多态：纯虚函数、抽象类\n";

    std::cout << "\n测试1: 使用原始指针\n";
    test1();

    std::cout << "\n测试2: 使用智能指针\n";
    test2();

    std::cout << "\n测试3: 直接使用类\n";
    test3();
}

image

Q1:

  1. 是否包含纯虚函数image
  2. 不能，不能实例化抽象函数
    Q2:
  3. image
  4. image
    Q3:
  5. 声明类型：Publisher*
  6. Book, Film, Music
  7. 需要保证析构的时候即析构基类对象，也能析构继承的对象；如果删除virtual标签并delete对应类型的指针，将导致只有基类的析构函数执行了，而子类的析构函数没有执行

实验任务2

验证性实验。综合应用运算符重载、组合、标准库实现图书销售统计。

  • 问题场景描述
    模拟出版行业图书销售统计，按指定关键字做销量统计、排序。
  • 代码组织
    • book.hpp图书描述信息类Book声明
    • book.cpp图书描述信息类Book实现
    • booksale.hpp图书销售记录类BookSale声明
    • booksale.cpp图书销售记录类BookSale实现
    • task2.cpp 测试模块 + main
#pragma once
#include <string>

// 图书描述信息类Book: 声明
class Book {
public:
    Book(const std::string &name_, 
         const std::string &author_, 
         const std::string &translator_, 
         const std::string &isbn_, 
         double price_);

    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Book &book);

private:
    std::string name;        // 书名
    std::string author;      // 作者
    std::string translator;  // 译者
    std::string isbn;        // isbn号
    double price;        // 定价
};

#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include "book.hpp"


// 图书描述信息类Book: 实现
Book::Book(const std::string &name_, 
          const std::string &author_, 
          const std::string &translator_, 
          const std::string &isbn_, 
          double price_):name{name_}, author{author_}, translator{translator_}, isbn{isbn_}, price{price_} {
}

// 运算符<<重载实现
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Book &book) {
    using std::left;
    using std::setw;
    
    out << left;
    out << setw(15) << "书名:" << book.name << '\n'
        << setw(15) << "作者:" << book.author << '\n'
        << setw(15) << "译者:" << book.translator << '\n'
        << setw(15) << "ISBN:" << book.isbn << '\n'
        << setw(15) << "定价:" << book.price;

    return out;
}

#pragma once

#include <string>
#include "book.hpp"

// 图书销售记录类BookSales：声明
class BookSale {
public:
    BookSale(const Book &rb_, double sales_price_, int sales_amount_);
    int get_amount() const;   // 返回销售数量
    double get_revenue() const;   // 返回营收
    
    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const BookSale &item);

private:
    Book rb;         
    double sales_price;      // 售价
    int sales_amount;       // 销售数量
};

#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include "booksale.hpp"

// 图书销售记录类BookSales：实现
BookSale::BookSale(const Book &rb_, 
                   double sales_price_, 
                   int sales_amount_): rb{rb_}, sales_price{sales_price_}, sales_amount{sales_amount_} {
}

int BookSale::get_amount() const {
    return sales_amount;
}

double BookSale::get_revenue() const {
    return sales_amount * sales_price;
}

// 运算符<<重载实现
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const BookSale &item) {
    using std::left;
    using std::setw;
    
    out << left;
    out << item.rb << '\n'
        << setw(15) << "售价:" << item.sales_price << '\n'
        << setw(15) << "销售数量:" << item.sales_amount << '\n'
        << setw(15) << "营收:" << item.get_revenue();

    return out;
}

#include <algorithm>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include "booksale.hpp"

// 按图书销售数量比较
bool compare_by_amount(const BookSale &x1, const BookSale &x2) {
    return x1.get_amount() > x2.get_amount();
}

void test() {
    using std::cin;
    using std::cout;
    using std::getline;
    using std::sort;
    using std::string;
    using std::vector;
    using std::ws;

    vector<BookSale> sales_records;         // 图书销售记录表

    int books_number;
    cout << "录入图书数量: ";
    cin >> books_number;

    cout << "录入图书销售记录\n";
    for(int i = 0; i < books_number; ++i) {
        string name, author, translator, isbn;
        double price;
        cout << string(20, '-') << "第" << i+1 << "本图书信息录入" << string(20, '-') << '\n';
        cout << "录入书名: "; getline(cin>>ws, name);
        cout << "录入作者: "; getline(cin>>ws, author);
        cout << "录入译者: "; getline(cin>>ws, translator);
        cout << "录入isbn: "; getline(cin>>ws, isbn);
        cout << "录入定价: "; cin >> price;

        Book book(name, author, translator, isbn, price);

        double sales_price;
        int sales_amount;

        cout << "录入售价: "; cin >> sales_price;
        cout << "录入销售数量: "; cin >> sales_amount;

        BookSale record(book, sales_price, sales_amount);
        sales_records.push_back(record);
    }

    // 按销售册数排序
    sort(sales_records.begin(), sales_records.end(), compare_by_amount);

    // 按销售册数降序输出图书销售信息
    cout << string(20, '=') <<  "图书销售统计" << string(20, '=') << '\n';
    for(auto &record: sales_records) {
        cout << record << '\n';
        cout << string(40, '-') << '\n';
    }
}

int main() {
    test();
}

image
Q1

  1. 2处，用于Book类型和Booksale类型，
  2. image
    Q2
  3. sort函数接受了vector类sales_record的迭代器，并手动提供了一个谓词函数从而实现
  4. image

实验任务3

验证性实验：类模板定义和使用。阅读、理解代码，结合运行回答问题。
问题场景描述
类A和类B除数据成员类型不同，其它都相同。类定义存在相似性
把类型参数化，让类的抽象设计更通用。代码组织
task3_1.cpp 类A定义 + 类B定义 + 测试模块 + main
task3_2.cpp 类模板X定义 + 测试模块 + main

#include <iostream>

// 类A的定义
class A {
public:
    A(int x0, int y0);
    void display() const;

private:
    int x, y;
};

A::A(int x0, int y0): x{x0}, y{y0} {
}

void A::display() const {
    std::cout << x << ", " << y << '\n';
}

// 类B的定义
class B {
public:
    B(double x0, double y0);
    void display() const;

private:
    double x, y;
};

B::B(double x0, double y0): x{x0}, y{y0} {
}

void B::display() const {
    std::cout << x << ", " << y << '\n';
}

void test() {
    std::cout << "测试类A: " << '\n';
    A a(3, 4);
    a.display();

    std::cout << "\n测试类B: " << '\n';
    B b(3.2, 5.6);
    b.display();
}

int main() {
    test();
}

image

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

// 定义类模板
template<typename T>
class X{
public:
    X(T x0, T y0);
    void display();

private:
    T x, y;
};

template<typename T>
X<T>::X(T x0, T y0): x{x0}, y{y0} {
}

template<typename T>
void X<T>::display() {
    std::cout << x << ", " << y << '\n';
}


void test() {
    std::cout << "测试1: 用int实例化类模板X" << '\n';
    X<int> x1(3, 4);
    x1.display();

    std::cout << "\n测试2:用double实例化类模板X" << '\n';
    X<double> x2(3.2, 5.6);
    x2.display();

    std::cout << "\n测试3: 用string实例化类模板X" << '\n';
    X<std::string> x3("hello", "oop");
    x3.display();
}

int main() {
    test();
}

image

实验任务4

设计性实验。综合应用继承、多态，模拟简单机器宠物。
问题场景描述
模拟机器宠物，抽象后，继承关系如下：
image

定义抽象类：机器宠物类 MachinePet
每个机器宠物包含如下成员：
数据：昵称（nickname)
接口要求
构造函数：用字符串初始化昵称
get_nickname() ：供外部获取昵称talk() ：返回叫声，须支持运行时多态（由派生类各自实现）。
定义电子宠物猫类 PetCat
公有继承自 MachinePet
无新增数据
构造函数：用字符串初始化昵称
实现 talk() 返回猫叫声
定义电子宠物狗类 PetDog
公有继承自 MachinePet
无新增数据
构造函数：用字符串初始化昵称
实现 talk() 返回狗叫声
代码组织
pet.hpp 机器宠物抽象类 MachinePet 、宠物猫类 PetCat 、宠物狗类 PetDog 定义
task4.cpp 测试模块 + main

#ifndef PET_HPP
#define PET_HPP

#include <string>

class MachinePet {
public:
    explicit MachinePet(const std::string &name) : nickname(name) {}
    virtual ~MachinePet() = default;

    std::string get_nickname() const { return nickname; }
    virtual std::string talk() const = 0;

protected:
    std::string nickname;
};

class PetCat : public MachinePet {
public:
    explicit PetCat(const std::string &name) : MachinePet(name) {}
    std::string talk() const override { return "wu~"; }
};

class PetDog : public MachinePet {
public:
    explicit PetDog(const std::string &name) : MachinePet(name) {}
    std::string talk() const override { return "wang wang~"; }
};

#endif // PET_HPP


#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include <vector>
#include "pet.hpp"

void test1() {
    std::vector<MachinePet *> pets;

    pets.push_back(new PetCat("miku"));
    pets.push_back(new PetDog("da huang"));

    for(MachinePet *ptr: pets) {
        std::cout << ptr->get_nickname() << " says " << ptr->talk() << '\n';
        delete ptr;  // 须手动释放资源
    }   
}

void test2() {
    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MachinePet>> pets;

    pets.push_back(std::make_unique<PetCat>("miku"));
    pets.push_back(std::make_unique<PetDog>("da huang"));

    for(auto const &ptr: pets)
        std::cout << ptr->get_nickname() << " says " << ptr->talk() << '\n';
}

void test3() {
    // MachinePet pet("little cutie");   // 编译报错：无法定义抽象类对象

    const PetCat cat("miku");
    std::cout << cat.get_nickname() << " says " << cat.talk() << '\n';

    const PetDog dog("da huang");
    std::cout << dog.get_nickname() << " says " << dog.talk() << '\n';
}

int main() {
    std::cout << "测试1: 使用原始指针\n";
    test1();

    std::cout << "\n测试2: 使用智能指针\n";
    test2();

    std::cout << "\n测试3: 直接使用类\n";
    test3();
}

image

实验任务5

设计性实验。综合应用运算符重载、类模板实现编译时多态。
问题场景描述
自定义简化版类模板 Complex , 实现类似C++标准库类模板 complex ，支持对类型的参数化。具体要求如下：
支持实例化类模板与各种构造
如 Complex c1; Complex c2(1.0, 2.0); Comlexc3(c2);
提供接口 get_real() , get_image() 返回实部和虚部
对类模板重载运算符，支持如下操作： c1 += c2 , c1 + c2 , c1 == c2 , cin >> c1 >> c2 , cout
<< c1 << c2
代码组织
Complex.hpp类模板 Complex 定义
task5.cpp测试模块 + main
测试代码task5.cpp已给出。根据测试代码，补足类模板 Complex 定义，使代码运行后满足预期截图效果。

#ifndef COMPLEX_HPP
#define COMPLEX_HPP

#include <iostream>

template <typename T>
class Complex {
public:
    Complex() : real_(0), imag_(0) {}
    Complex(T real, T imag = 0) : real_(real), imag_(imag) {}
    Complex(const Complex &other) = default;

    T get_real() const { return real_; }
    T get_imag() const { return imag_; }

    Complex &operator+=(const Complex &other) {
        real_ += other.real_;
        imag_ += other.imag_;
        return *this;
    }

    friend Complex operator+(Complex lhs, const Complex &rhs) {
        lhs += rhs;
        return lhs;
    }

    friend bool operator==(const Complex &lhs, const Complex &rhs) {
        return lhs.real_ == rhs.real_ && lhs.imag_ == rhs.imag_;
    }

    friend std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &in, Complex &c) {
        T r{}, i{};
        if (in >> r >> i) {
            c.real_ = r;
            c.imag_ = i;
        }
        return in;
    }

    friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Complex &c) {
        out << c.real_ << (c.imag_ < 0 ? " - " : " + ")
            << (c.imag_ < 0 ? -c.imag_ : c.imag_) << 'i';
        return out;
    }

private:
    T real_;
    T imag_;
};

#endif // COMPLEX_HPP



#include <iostream>
#include "Complex.hpp"

void test1() {
    using std::cout;
    using std::boolalpha;
    
    Complex<int> c1(2, -5), c2(c1);

    cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n';
    cout << "c2 = " << c2 << '\n';
    cout << "c1 + c2 = " << c1 + c2 << '\n';
    
    c1 += c2;
    cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n';
    cout << boolalpha << (c1 == c2) << '\n';
}

void test2() {
    using std::cin;
    using std::cout;

    Complex<double> c1, c2;
    cout << "Enter c1 and c2: ";
    cin >> c1 >> c2;
    cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n';
    cout << "c2 = " << c2 << '\n';

    const Complex<double> c3(c1);
    cout << "c3.real = " << c3.get_real() << '\n';
    cout << "c3.imag = " << c3.get_imag() << '\n';
}

int main() {
    std::cout << "自定义类模板Complex测试1: \n";
    test1();

    std::cout << "\n自定义类模板Complex测试2: \n";
    test2();
}

image

posted @ 2025-12-10 15:09  witlethe  阅读(7)  评论(0)    收藏  举报