非谓语动词
一、什么是非谓语动词？
1. 谓语动词是什么？
一句话里面真正表示“主语做什么 / 是什么 / 怎么样”的核心动词，叫 谓语动词。
例如：
I study English every day.
我每天学习英语。
这里 study 是谓语动词，因为它说明主语 I 的动作。
再看：
He is a student.
他是一名学生。
这里 is 是谓语动词。
2. 非谓语动词是什么？
非谓语动词 本质上还是动词，但它不充当句子的谓语。
它会变成：
| 形式 | 作用 |
|---|---|
| to do | 像名词、形容词、副词 |
| doing | 像名词、形容词、副词 |
| done | 像形容词、副词，常表示被动或完成 |
核心理解：
一个句子通常只能有一个主谓结构。
如果还想再放一个动作，就常常要把这个动作变成非谓语。
例如：
I want to learn English.
这句话里：
- want 是谓语动词；
- to learn English 不是谓语，而是 want 的宾语。
中文意思是：
我想要学习英语。
二、非谓语动词的三大形式
非谓语动词主要有三种：
1. to do：去做，要做，为了做
基本结构：
to + 动词原形
例如：
to learn
to improve
to help
to solve
to understand
它常表示：
| 含义 | 例子 |
|---|---|
| 目的 | I study hard to pass the exam. |
| 将来 | I have a lot of work to do. |
| 具体某一次动作 | I decided to leave. |
| 想要、计划、希望做某事 | want / hope / plan / decide + to do |
2. doing：正在做 / 做这件事 / 主动
基本结构：
动词 + ing
例如：
learning
improving
helping
solving
understanding
它常表示：
| 含义 | 例子 |
|---|---|
| 做某事这件事 | Learning English is important. |
| 正在进行 | The man standing there is my teacher. |
| 主动关系 | Students using AI tools should be careful. |
| 习惯性动作 | I enjoy reading. |
3. done：被做 / 已经完成
基本结构：
过去分词
例如：
written
built
made
used
developed
broken
它常表示：
| 含义 | 例子 |
|---|---|
| 被动 | The book written by him is famous. |
| 完成 | The work finished yesterday was difficult. |
| 状态 | The window is broken. |
三、重点讲解：to do
你已经写到：
to do 表示目的、将来、具体动作。
我们详细展开。
1. to do 作宾语
很多动词后面常接 to do。
常见结构
主语 + 谓语动词 + to do
例如：
I want to learn English.
我想学英语。
句子结构：
| 成分 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 主语 | I |
| 谓语 | want |
| 宾语 | to learn English |
这里 to learn English 是 want 的宾语。
常见接 to do 的动词
| 动词 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| want to do | 想做 | I want to improve my speaking. |
| hope to do | 希望做 | I hope to study abroad. |
| plan to do | 计划做 | They plan to build a new school. |
| decide to do | 决定做 | She decided to change her job. |
| agree to do | 同意做 | He agreed to help us. |
| refuse to do | 拒绝做 | They refused to answer the question. |
| manage to do | 设法做成 | He managed to finish the task. |
| fail to do | 未能做 | The company failed to solve the problem. |
| learn to do | 学会做 | Children learn to communicate with others. |
| choose to do | 选择做 | Many people choose to live in big cities. |
雅思写作常用：
Governments should try to reduce traffic congestion.
政府应该努力减少交通拥堵。
People tend to spend more time online.
人们倾向于花更多时间上网。
2. to do 作目的状语
表示“为了……”。
常见结构
主语 + 谓语 + to do
例如：
I came here to help you.
我来这里是为了帮你。
这里 to help you 表示目的。
更多例句
Many students go abroad to receive better education.
许多学生出国是为了接受更好的教育。
Governments invest in public transport to reduce air pollution.
政府投资公共交通是为了减少空气污染。
People exercise regularly to stay healthy.
人们经常锻炼是为了保持健康。
雅思写作句型
句型 1
主语 + do something + to + 动词原形
例如：
Schools should provide more practical courses to help students develop useful skills.
学校应该提供更多实践课程，以帮助学生发展实用技能。
句型 2
In order to do something, 主语 + 谓语
例如：
In order to reduce unemployment, the government should create more job opportunities.
为了减少失业，政府应该创造更多就业机会。
句型 3
so as to do something
例如：
People should save energy so as to protect the environment.
人们应该节约能源，以保护环境。
注意：
in order to 比 to 更正式，雅思写作中很好用。
3. to do 作定语
to do 可以放在名词后面，修饰名词。
含义常常是：
要做的……
可以做的……
用来做的……
结构
名词 + to do
例如：
I have a lot of homework to do.
我有很多作业要做。
这里 to do 修饰 homework，表示“要做的作业”。
更多例句
There are many problems to solve.
有很多问题要解决。
He needs a quiet place to study.
他需要一个安静的地方学习。
This is the best way to improve English.
这是提高英语的最佳方法。
Students need opportunities to practise speaking.
学生需要练习口语的机会。
雅思写作常用名词 + to do
| 结构 | 意思 |
|---|---|
| a way to do | 做某事的方法 |
| an opportunity to do | 做某事的机会 |
| the ability to do | 做某事的能力 |
| the right to do | 做某事的权利 |
| the need to do | 做某事的需要 |
| a chance to do | 做某事的机会 |
| a decision to do | 做某事的决定 |
| an attempt to do | 做某事的尝试 |
| a tendency to do | 做某事的趋势 |
例句：
Education gives people the ability to think independently.
教育给人们独立思考的能力。
Young people should have more opportunities to gain work experience.
年轻人应该有更多获得工作经验的机会。
4. to do 作主语
to do 可以放在句首作主语。
例如：
To learn English well is difficult.
学好英语很难。
但是这个句子有点正式，日常和雅思写作中更常用：
It is difficult to learn English well.
常用结构
It is + 形容词 + to do something
例如：
It is important to protect the environment.
保护环境很重要。
It is necessary to improve public transport.
改善公共交通是必要的。
It is difficult to solve this problem quickly.
快速解决这个问题很难。
雅思高频形容词
| 结构 | 意思 |
|---|---|
| It is important to do | 做某事很重要 |
| It is necessary to do | 做某事有必要 |
| It is difficult to do | 做某事很难 |
| It is easy to do | 做某事很容易 |
| It is possible to do | 做某事是可能的 |
| It is useful to do | 做某事很有用 |
| It is harmful to do | 做某事有害 |
| It is beneficial to do | 做某事有益 |
例句：
It is essential to teach children how to cooperate with others.
教孩子如何与他人合作是非常重要的。
It is beneficial to encourage students to read widely.
鼓励学生广泛阅读是有益的。
5. to do 作宾语补足语
这个比较重要，也容易错。
结构
动词 + 宾语 + to do
意思是：
让某人做某事
要求某人做某事
鼓励某人做某事
例如：
My teacher encouraged me to speak English every day.
我的老师鼓励我每天说英语。
句子结构：
| 成分 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 主语 | My teacher |
| 谓语 | encouraged |
| 宾语 | me |
| 宾语补足语 | to speak English every day |
to speak English every day 补充说明 me 要做什么。
常见动词
| 结构 | 意思 |
|---|---|
| ask sb to do | 要求某人做 |
| tell sb to do | 告诉某人做 |
| allow sb to do | 允许某人做 |
| encourage sb to do | 鼓励某人做 |
| advise sb to do | 建议某人做 |
| expect sb to do | 期待某人做 |
| require sb to do | 要求某人做 |
| force sb to do | 强迫某人做 |
| enable sb to do | 使某人能够做 |
| help sb to do | 帮助某人做 |
雅思常用：
Technology enables people to work more efficiently.
科技使人们能够更高效地工作。
Parents should encourage children to develop good habits.
父母应该鼓励孩子养成好习惯。
Strict laws can force companies to reduce pollution.
严格的法律可以迫使公司减少污染。
四、doing 的核心用法
1. doing 作主语
表示“做某事这件事”。
例如：
Learning English is important.
学英语很重要。
Smoking is harmful to health.
吸烟对健康有害。
Reading books can broaden our horizons.
读书可以开阔我们的视野。
雅思写作很好用：
Using public transport can reduce traffic congestion.
使用公共交通可以减少交通拥堵。
Studying abroad can help young people become more independent.
出国留学可以帮助年轻人变得更独立。
2. doing 作宾语
很多动词后面只能接 doing。
常见动词
| 动词 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| enjoy doing | 喜欢做 | I enjoy reading. |
| avoid doing | 避免做 | We should avoid wasting time. |
| finish doing | 完成做 | He finished writing the report. |
| mind doing | 介意做 | Would you mind opening the window? |
| practise doing | 练习做 | She practises speaking English. |
| suggest doing | 建议做 | He suggested taking a break. |
| consider doing | 考虑做 | They are considering moving abroad. |
| keep doing | 继续做 | He kept working late. |
| give up doing | 放弃做 | He gave up smoking. |
注意：
suggest sb to do ❌
suggest doing ✅
suggest that sb should do ✅
例如：
The teacher suggested reviewing grammar regularly.
老师建议定期复习语法。
3. doing 作定语
doing 放在名词后面，表示主动或正在进行。
例如：
The boy playing football is my brother.
正在踢足球的男孩是我弟弟。
这里 playing football 修饰 the boy。
更多例句：
People living in big cities often face high living costs.
住在大城市的人经常面临高生活成本。
Students studying abroad may become more independent.
在国外学习的学生可能会变得更加独立。
Companies using advanced technology can improve productivity.
使用先进技术的公司可以提高生产力。
4. doing 作状语
表示原因、时间、结果、伴随等。
例如：
Living in a big city, people have more job opportunities.
住在大城市，人们有更多工作机会。
这里 doing 短语表示原因。
再看：
He sat on the sofa, watching TV.
他坐在沙发上看电视。
这里 watching TV 表示伴随动作。
雅思写作常用：
Using public transport, people can reduce their carbon footprint.
通过使用公共交通，人们可以减少碳足迹。
Spending too much time online, teenagers may become less active.
青少年如果花太多时间上网，可能会变得不那么活跃。
五、done 的核心用法
1. done 作定语
done 常表示 被动 或 完成。
例如：
The book written by Lu Xun is famous.
鲁迅写的这本书很有名。
这里 book 和 write 是被动关系：
book is written
书被写
所以用 written。
更多例句
The bridge built last year is very modern.
去年建的桥很现代。
The products made in China are sold worldwide.
中国制造的产品销往世界各地。
The problems discussed in the meeting are important.
会议上讨论的问题很重要。
The data collected from students is useful.
从学生那里收集的数据很有用。
2. done 作状语
done 作状语时，常表示被动、原因、条件、时间等。
例如：
Compared with cars, bicycles are more environmentally friendly.
与汽车相比，自行车更加环保。
这里 bicycles 和 compare 是被动关系：
bicycles are compared with cars
所以用 compared。
雅思高频 done 状语
| 结构 | 意思 |
|---|---|
| compared with | 与……相比 |
| compared to | 与……相比 |
| based on | 基于 |
| given | 考虑到 |
| provided | 如果 |
| seen from | 从……来看 |
| affected by | 受到……影响 |
| caused by | 由……导致 |
| exposed to | 暴露于 |
例句：
Compared with traditional classes, online learning is more flexible.
与传统课堂相比，在线学习更加灵活。
Based on the data, this policy is effective.
根据数据来看，这项政策是有效的。
Affected by air pollution, many people suffer from health problems.
受到空气污染影响，许多人遭受健康问题。
六、to do / doing / done 的核心区别
1. to do：目的、将来、具体动作
I have some work to finish.
我有一些工作要完成。
强调“还没做，将要做”。
2. doing：主动、正在进行、一般行为
The students discussing the problem are from Class One.
正在讨论问题的学生来自一班。
强调“学生主动讨论”。
3. done：被动、完成
The problem discussed yesterday was difficult.
昨天被讨论的问题很难。
强调“问题被讨论”。
七、非常重要：主动用 doing，被动用 done
这是非谓语最核心的判断方法。
例子 1
The man ______ at the door is my father.
A. standing
B. stood
C. to stand
答案：A
分析：
man 和 stand 是主动关系
人站在那里
所以用 doing：standing
完整句子：
The man standing at the door is my father.
例子 2
The book ______ by him is popular.
A. writing
B. written
C. to write
答案：B
分析：
book 和 write 是被动关系
书被写
所以用 done：written
完整句子：
The book written by him is popular.
八、常见易错点
易错点 1：一句话不能随便出现两个谓语动词
错误：
I want learn English. ❌
原因：
want 是谓语，learn 不能直接再做谓语。
正确：
I want to learn English. ✅
易错点 2：介词后面用 doing
介词后面如果接动词，通常用 doing。
例如：
I am interested in learning English.
我对学习英语感兴趣。
He is good at solving problems.
他擅长解决问题。
We should focus on improving education.
我们应该专注于改善教育。
常见结构：
| 结构 | 意思 |
|---|---|
| be interested in doing | 对做某事感兴趣 |
| be good at doing | 擅长做 |
| focus on doing | 专注于做 |
| look forward to doing | 期待做 |
| be responsible for doing | 负责做 |
| prevent sb from doing | 阻止某人做 |
| instead of doing | 而不是做 |
注意：
look forward to do ❌
look forward to doing ✅
因为这里的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号。
易错点 3：make / let / have 后常用动词原形
结构：
make / let / have + sb + do
例如：
The teacher made us rewrite the essay.
老师让我们重写作文。
不能说：
made us to rewrite ❌
但是被动语态要加 to：
We were made to rewrite the essay.
我们被要求重写作文。
易错点 4：see / hear / watch 后面的两种区别
see sb do
表示看到全过程或经常性动作。
I saw him enter the room.
我看到他进了房间。
see sb doing
表示看到正在做。
I saw him entering the room.
我看到他正在进房间。
常见感官动词：
| 动词 | 意思 |
|---|---|
| see | 看见 |
| hear | 听见 |
| watch | 观看 |
| notice | 注意到 |
| feel | 感觉到 |
九、雅思写作高分句型
1. to do 表目的
Governments should invest more in renewable energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
政府应该更多投资可再生能源，以减少对化石燃料的依赖。
2. doing 作主语
Using public transport is an effective way to reduce traffic congestion.
使用公共交通是减少交通拥堵的有效方法。
3. done 作后置定语
The policies introduced by the government have improved public health.
政府推出的政策改善了公共健康。
4. compared with
Compared with traditional education, online learning provides students with greater flexibility.
与传统教育相比，在线学习为学生提供了更大的灵活性。
5. by doing
People can improve their communication skills by working in groups.
人们可以通过小组合作提升沟通能力。
6. enable sb to do
Technology enables people to access information more easily.
科技使人们能够更容易地获取信息。
十、非谓语动词判断步骤
做题时按这三步判断：
第一步：找谓语动词
先看句子里已经有没有谓语。
例如：
The man ______ near the window is my teacher.
谓语是：
is
所以空格不能再填谓语动词，要填非谓语。
第二步：看逻辑关系
看被修饰词和动词之间是主动还是被动。
The man ______ near the window
man 和 stand 是主动关系：
人站着
所以用：
standing
第三步：看时间含义
| 含义 | 形式 |
|---|---|
| 主动 / 正在 | doing |
| 被动 / 完成 | done |
| 目的 / 将来 | to do |
十一、练习题：基础选择题
请选择正确答案。
1.
I want ______ English well.
A. learn
B. to learn
C. learning
D. learned
答案：B
解析：
want to do
想做某事
2.
She came here ______ her friend.
A. help
B. helping
C. to help
D. helped
答案：C
解析：
to help 表目的：为了帮助
3.
______ too much time online is bad for teenagers.
A. Spend
B. Spending
C. To spending
D. Spent
答案：B
解析：
doing 作主语，表示“花太多时间上网这件事”。
4.
The book ______ by this writer is very popular.
A. write
B. writing
C. written
D. to write
答案：C
解析：
book 和 write 是被动关系，书被写，所以用 written。
5.
Students should avoid ______ too much time on games.
A. spend
B. to spend
C. spending
D. spent
答案：C
解析：
avoid doing
避免做某事
6.
The girl ______ under the tree is my sister.
A. sit
B. sitting
C. sat
D. to sit
答案：B
解析：
girl 和 sit 是主动关系，表示正在坐，所以用 sitting。
7.
It is important ______ the environment.
A. protect
B. protecting
C. to protect
D. protected
答案：C
解析：
It is important to do something.
8.
The bridge ______ last year is very strong.
A. build
B. building
C. built
D. to build
答案：C
解析：
bridge 和 build 是被动关系，桥被建造，所以用 built。
9.
Parents should encourage children ______ more books.
A. read
B. reading
C. to read
D. readed
答案：C
解析：
encourage sb to do
鼓励某人做某事
10.
He is good at ______ problems.
A. solve
B. to solve
C. solving
D. solved
答案：C
解析：
at 是介词，介词后面用 doing。
十二、练习题：填空题
用所给动词的正确形式填空。
1.
I decided ______ abroad after graduation.
动词：study
答案：
to study
句子：
I decided to study abroad after graduation.
2.
The man ______ to the teacher is my father.
动词：talk
答案：
talking
句子：
The man talking to the teacher is my father.
3.
The house ______ by my grandfather is old.
动词：build
答案：
built
句子：
The house built by my grandfather is old.
4.
She practises ______ English every morning.
动词：speak
答案：
speaking
句子：
She practises speaking English every morning.
5.
Many people move to cities ______ better jobs.
动词：find
答案：
to find
句子：
Many people move to cities to find better jobs.
6.
Compared with cars, bicycles are more environmentally ______.
动词：friend
这个不是非谓语题，是词性题。
正确表达：
environmentally friendly
句子：
Compared with cars, bicycles are more environmentally friendly.
7.
The problems ______ in the report are serious.
动词：mention
答案：
mentioned
句子：
The problems mentioned in the report are serious.
8.
______ a foreign language can improve memory.
动词：learn
答案：
Learning
句子：
Learning a foreign language can improve memory.
9.
Technology enables people ______ from home.
动词：work
答案：
to work
句子：
Technology enables people to work from home.
10.
He left home early ______ the train.
动词：catch
答案：
to catch
句子：
He left home early to catch the train.
十三、练习题：判断 to do / doing / done
根据中文意思完成句子。
1. 我有很多工作要做。
I have a lot of work ______.
答案：
to do
完整句子：
I have a lot of work to do.
2. 正在教室里学习的学生很认真。
The students ______ in the classroom are serious.
答案：
studying
完整句子：
The students studying in the classroom are serious.
3. 昨天讨论的问题很重要。
The problem ______ yesterday is important.
答案：
discussed
完整句子：
The problem discussed yesterday is important.
4. 为了提高英语，我每天阅读英文文章。
I read English articles every day ______ my English.
答案：
to improve
完整句子：
I read English articles every day to improve my English.
5. 通过学习语法，学生可以更好地理解句子。
By ______ grammar, students can understand sentences better.
答案：
studying / learning
完整句子：
By studying grammar, students can understand sentences better.
十四、雅思翻译训练
把中文翻译成英文，尽量使用非谓语动词。
1.
政府应该采取措施减少空气污染。
参考答案：
The government should take measures to reduce air pollution.
2.
住在大城市的人通常有更多工作机会。
参考答案：
People living in big cities usually have more job opportunities.
3.
由科技带来的变化影响了人们的生活方式。
参考答案：
The changes brought by technology have affected people’s lifestyles.
4.
学习外语可以帮助学生了解不同文化。
参考答案：
Learning a foreign language can help students understand different cultures.
5.
与开车相比，骑自行车更环保。
参考答案：
Compared with driving, cycling is more environmentally friendly.
十五、综合练习：选择题
1.
The government should build more parks ______ people’s quality of life.
A. improve
B. improving
C. to improve
D. improved
答案：C
解析：
建公园是为了提高生活质量，所以用 to improve。
2.
People ______ in rural areas may have fewer job opportunities.
A. live
B. living
C. lived
D. to live
答案：B
解析：
people 和 live 是主动关系，所以用 living。
3.
The information ______ from the survey is useful.
A. collect
B. collecting
C. collected
D. to collect
答案：C
解析：
information 和 collect 是被动关系，信息被收集，所以用 collected。
4.
Many young people choose ______ abroad.
A. study
B. studying
C. to study
D. studied
答案：C
解析：
choose to do
选择做某事
5.
He succeeded by ______ hard.
A. work
B. to work
C. working
D. worked
答案：C
解析：
by 是介词，后面用 doing。
十六、最后总结
非谓语动词可以这样记：
| 形式 | 基本含义 | 常见作用 |
|---|---|---|
| to do | 为了做、将要做、具体去做 | 宾语、目的状语、定语、主语、宾补 |
| doing | 做这件事、正在做、主动 | 主语、宾语、定语、状语 |
| done | 被做、已经完成 | 定语、状语、表语 |
最重要的判断口诀：
主动 doing，被动 done，目的将来 to do。
再记一个做题步骤：
先找谓语，再看关系，最后判断时间。
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